A hijacking is a violent takeover, a misappropriation of something for a purpose other than its intended one, by parties other than those for whom the thing was meant. This issue explores the aesthetic practices and consequences of unauthorized repurposing.

This introduction highlights the themes that arise from The Missed: the productivity and negativity of unrealized potential and missed opportunity.

In this issue, our contributors demonstrate how art in the city, art “about” the city, art compared to the city, can bring to attention the insidious forces underlying every city’s gleaming, wide-awake veneer.

In this issue, our contributors demonstrate how art in the city, art “about” the city, art compared to the city, can bring to attention the insidious forces underlying every city’s gleaming, wide-awake veneer.

In "Aesthetic Histories" our contributors’ shared concern is the inspiring and confounding, healthy and uncomfortable and above all inevitable relationship between history and aesthetic praxis.

Our contributors explore a rich variety of aesthetic problems that bring about the self-reflexive re-evaluation of ideas.

Is aesthetics a product of evolution? Are human aesthetic behaviors in fact evolutionary adaptations? The creation of artistic objects and experiences is an important aesthetic behavior. But so is the perception of aesthetic phenomena qua aesthetic. The question of evolutionary aesthetics is whether humans have evolved the capacity not only to make beautiful things but also to appreciate the aesthetic qualities in things. Are our near-universal love of music and cute baby animals essential to our species’ evolutionary development, which took (...) place over thousands of years? In other words, do aesthetic practice and appreciation help people to survive or reproduce? Do aesthetic behaviors help to propel natural selection? If so, what does that tell us about ourselves as human beings? What does it tell us about art, our other aesthetic practices, and aesthetic experience? (shrink)

This article offers Hegelian readings, based on his theory of fluid identity, of the blues and African-American identity. All identities, even Hegels, should be denied fixed definitions, in favor of fluid ones that allow for change and the sublation of otherness.

In this special issue on animals and aesthetics, contributors explore encounters with animals in art and thought.

In her book, Vibrant Matter, Jane Bennett thinks through what ontological, political, and ecological questions would look like if humans could admit that matter and nonhuman things are living, creative agents; the contributors to this issue of Evental Aesthetics begin to think through what aesthetic questions would look like.

Reading is an affective and reflective relationship with a text, whether it is a new, groundbreaking monograph or one of those books that keeps getting pulled off the shelf year after year. Unlike traditional reviews, the pieces in this section may veer off in new directions as critical reading becomes an extended occurrence of thinking, being, and creation. The Highest Poverty: Monastic Rules and Form-of-Life, by Giorgio Agamben.Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013.

EVENTAL AESTHETICS RETROSPECTIVE 1. LOOKING BACK AT 10 ISSUES OF EVENTAL AESTHETICS.

This introduction highlights the themes that arise from The Missed: the productivity and negativity of unrealized potential and missed opportunity.

People seeking asylum are at risk of receiving poorer quality healthcare due, in part, to racist and discriminatory attitudes, behaviours and policies in the health system. Despite fleeing war and conflict; exposure to torture and traumatic events and living with uncertainty; people seeking asylum are at high‐risk of experiencing long‐term poor physical and mental health outcomes in their host country. This article aims to raise awareness and bring attention to some common issues people seeking asylum face when seeking healthcare in (...) high‐income countries where the health system is dominated by a Western biomedical view of health. Clinical case scenarios are used to highlight instances of racist healthcare policies and practices that create and maintain ongoing health disparities; limited access to culturally and linguistically appropriate health services, and lack of trauma‐informed approaches to care. Nurses and midwives can play an important role in countering racism in healthcare settings; by identifying and calling out discriminatory practice and modelling tolerance, respect and empathy in daily practice. We present recommendations for individuals, organisations and governments that can inform changes to policies and practices that will reduce racism and improve health equity for people seeking asylum. (shrink)

Metacognitive training (MCT) was developed to promote awareness of reasoning biases among patients with schizophrenia. While MCT has been translated into 31 languages, most MCT studies were conducted in Europe, including newer evidence recommending an individualized approach of delivery. As reasoning biases covered in MCT are separable processes and are associated with different symptoms, testing the effect of selected MCT modules would help to develop a targeted and cost-effective intervention for specific symptoms and associated mechanisms. This study tested the efficacy (...) of a 4-session metacognitive training for delusions, MCTd (in Traditional Chinese with cultural adaptations, provided individually), as an adjunct to antipsychotics in reducing severity and conviction of delusions, jumping to conclusions bias and belief inflexibility. Forty-four patients with delusions were randomized into the MCTd or the wait-list control condition. Patients on wait-list received the same MCTd after four weeks of treatment as usual. Assessment interviews took place before and after the treatment, and at 4-week follow-up. There was an additional baseline assessment for the controls. Jumping to conclusions and belief flexibility were measured by the beads tasks and the Maudsley Assessment of Delusions Scale. Attendance rate of the MCTd was satisfactory (84.5%). Compared to treatment as usual, there was a greater reduction in psychotic symptoms, delusional severity and conviction following MCTd. There was a large treatment effect size in improvement in belief flexibility. Improvement in reaction to hypothetical contradiction predicted treatment effect in positive symptoms and delusions. Jumping to conclusions bias was reduced following MCTd, although the treatment effect was not significantly larger than TAU. Our results support the use of process-based interventions that target psychological mechanisms underlying specific psychotic symptoms as adjuncts to more conventional approach. (shrink)

Distributed agile teams are increasingly employed in organizations, partly due to the increased focus on digital transformation. However, research findings about the performance of such teams appear to be inconsistent, calling for more research to investigate the conditions under which distributed agile teams may thrive. Given that task coordination is particularly challenging when team members are not co-located, the present study investigates the roles of the two types of task interdependence, i.e., initiated versus received task interdependence. Survey results from 191 (...) participants working in distributed agile teams within three companies in Norway confirm our hypotheses. Specifically, we show that high initiated task interdependence is associated with higher role clarity of others, while received task interdependence is associated with higher role clarity of self, and that both subsequently result in higher team performance in distributed agile teams. Thus, we argue that each type of task interdependence contributes in a unique way to team performance in distributed agile teams. (shrink)

Artificial language learning experiments have become an important tool in exploring principles of language and language learning. A persistent question in all of this work, however, is whether ALL engages the linguistic system and whether ALL studies are ecologically valid assessments of natural language ability. In the present study, we considered these questions by examining the relationship between performance in an ALL task and second language learning ability. Participants enrolled in a Spanish language class were evaluated using a number of (...) different measures of Spanish ability and classroom performance, which was compared to IQ and a number of different measures of ALL performance. The results show that success in ALL experiments, particularly more complex artificial languages, correlates positively with indices of L2 learning even after controlling for IQ. These findings provide a key link between studies involving ALL and our understanding of second language learning in the classroom. (shrink)

Today, DIY -- do-it-yourself -- describes more than self-taught carpentry. Social media enables DIY citizens to organize and protest in new ways (as in Egypt's "Twitter revolution" of 2011) and to repurpose corporate content (or create new user-generated content) in order to offer political counternarratives. This book examines the usefulness and limits of DIY citizenship, exploring the diverse forms of political participation and "critical making" that have emerged in recent years. The authors and artists in this collection describe DIY citizens (...) whose activities range from activist fan blogging and video production to knitting and the creation of community gardens. Contributors examine DIY activism, describing new modes of civic engagement that include Harry Potter fan activism and the activities of the Yes Men. They consider DIY making in learning, culture, hacking, and the arts, including do-it-yourself media production and collaborative documentary making. They discuss DIY and design and how citizens can unlock the black box of technological infrastructures to engage and innovate open and participatory critical making. And they explore DIY and media, describing activists' efforts to remake and reimagine media and the public sphere. As these chapters make clear, DIY is characterized by its emphasis on "doing" and making rather than passive consumption. DIY citizens assume active roles as interventionists, makers, hackers, modders, and tinkerers, in pursuit of new forms of engaged and participatory democracy. _Contributors_Mike Ananny, Chris Atton, Alexandra Bal, Megan Boler, Catherine Burwell, Red Chidgey, Andrew Clement, Negin Dahya, Suzanne de Castell, Carl DiSalvo, Kevin Driscoll, Christina Dunbar-Hester, Joseph Ferenbok, Stephanie Fisher, Miki Foster, Stephen Gilbert, Henry Jenkins, Jennifer Jenson, Yasmin B. Kafai, Ann Light, Steve Mann, Joel McKim, Brenda McPhail, Owen McSwiney, Joshua McVeigh-Schultz, Graham Meikle, Emily Rose Michaud, Kate Milberry, Michael Murphy, Jason Nolan, Kate Orton-Johnson, Kylie A. Peppler, David J. Phillips, Karen Pollock, Matt Ratto, Ian Reilly, Rosa Reitsamer, Mandy Rose, Daniela K. Rosner, Yukari Seko, Karen Louise Smith, Lana Swartz, Alex Tichine, Jennette Weber, Elke Zobl. (shrink)

The dominant model of linguistic communication in current philosophy of language, semantics and formal pragmatics is centered around the idea that communication involves interlocutors coordinating with respect to a single body of information, the common ground. This body of information is understood to serve two central roles: it is the target of speech acts, and constitutes the information available to interlocutors for planning and interpreting utterances. In this paper, I provide a series of examples which show that, contra the dominant (...) model, the information available to interlocutors cannot be modeled as common ground information. The examples involve interpreters making use of background information which cannot become common ground either because the interpreter refuses to accept it, or because the communicative situation is what Harris (2020) calls _publicity averse_. I consider and disarm a variety of responses that might be offered on behalf of the common ground view, including alternative construals of acceptance and of publicity. I demonstrate that a model of communication in which interlocutors maintain separate representations of their own and their interlocutors' information states easily accommodates these cases, taking as an example the model due to Heller and Brown-Schmidt (2023). I end the paper with the observation that my conclusions do not pose any threat to formal models of dynamic semantics/pragmatics, as these can be, and in some cases already are, interpreted as modelling the evolution of individual information states. (shrink)

In this paper, we develop the notion of a natural convention, and illustrate its usefulness in a detailed examination of indirect requests in English. Our treatment of convention is grounded in Lewis’s seminal account; we do not here redefine convention, but rather explore the space of possibilities within Lewis’s definition, highlighting certain types of variation that Lewis de-emphasized. Applied to the case of indirect requests, which we view through a Searlean lens, the notion of natural convention allows us to give (...) a nuanced answer to the question: Are indirect requests conventional? In conclusion, we reflect on the consequences of our view for the understanding of the semantics/pragmatics divide. (shrink)

The pragmatic framework developed by H.P. Grice in “Logic and Conversation” explains how a speaker can mean something more than, or different from, the conventional meaning of the sentence she utters. But it has been argued that the framework cannot give a similar explanation for cases where these pragmatic effects impact the understood content of an embedded clause, such as the antecedent of a conditional, a clausal disjunct, or the clausal complement of a verb. In this paper, I show that (...) such an explanation is available. One of the central arguments of the paper is that in a significant subset of cases, local pragmatic effects are a consequence of a global pragmatic requirement. In these cases, local pragmatic effects are a consequence of ‘acting locally’ to resolve a potential global pragmatic violation. These cases do not require us to posit application of pragmatic principles to the contents of embedded clauses. The account does, though, require the assumption that interpreters can identify and reason about the contents of unasserted sub-parts of sentences, an assumption that I motivate in section 3. Building on this, in section 4 of the paper, I argue that once we have recognized that interpreters can, and do, reason independently about the contents of non-asserted clauses, it becomes unproblematic to assume that in some cases, Gricean conversational principles do apply directly to these contents, providing an alternative route to account for local pragmatic effects. In revisiting the ideas of this paper in my response to the commentaries, I consider in more detail the revisions to Grice’s broader program that are necessitated by these moves, in particular acknowledging the problematicity of Grice’s notion of what is said. I argue that the starting point for Gricean reconstructions should instead be merely what is expressed, which carries no pragmatic commitments regarding what is speaker meant. (shrink)

In this book, Alston articulates and argues for a use-based and normative account of sentence meaning. He proposes that sentence meaning consists in illocutionary act potential, the usability of a sentence for the performance of a certain illocutionary act type. This potential is itself explained in terms of illocutionary rules, normative rules governing the acceptable use of sentences.

Grice observes that the primary discourse function of disjunction is the presentation of alternatives, each of which is relevant in the same way to a given topic. After a brief introduction , I offer in Chapter Two an account of Grice's observation and of further felicity conditions on disjunction, for example, the constraint against disjunctions in which one disjunct entails another. Using an enriched version of the Stalnakerian model of assertion, I define two constraints on information update--Relevant Informativity and Simplicity--and (...) show that these suffice to account for the observations. ;I then argue that the requirement to abide by Relevant Informativity and Simplicity provides a basis for an account of two further properties of disjunctive sentences: their presupposition projection properties and the possibility of anaphora between disjuncts. I argue that presuppositions project in disjunction except where projection would lead to infelicity of the kind characterized in Chapter Two. To state this account, a treatment of presupposition which allows projection to be sensitive to considerations of felicity is required. I show that the Stalnakerian view of presupposition, combined with Heim's notion of local accommodation, provides the necessary framework. ;Similarly, I argue that anaphora across disjunction is disallowed only when it leads to an infelicitous disjunction. In certain configurations, anaphora between disjuncts leads to entailment between disjuncts, which is ruled out independently. The account is given using a version of Neale's E-type analysis of unbound anaphora. I show that the analysis has further desirable consequences with respect to more complex examples of inter-disjunct anaphora. ;Throughout Chapters Three and Four, I contrast my own proposals with accounts given in the Dynamic Semantic literature, offering a critique of Dynamic Semantic approaches to the phenomena discussed. ;In Chapter Five, I examine anaphora between NPs contained inside a disjunction and a pronoun in a following sentence. I argue that these pronouns are also E-type, but show that these cases require a reformulation of the E-type analysis. I develop a new account in which the interpretation of E-type pronouns is derived compositionally from the content of the antecedent clause. (shrink)

I thought the paper by Kai-yee Wong and Chris Fraser was fascinating and insightful. Two things I especially appreciated are the clarity with which they summarize my views. I think they are quite fair and accurate. Second, I appreciate their suggestion that the way to deal with the practical problem of weakness of will has much to do with the role of the Background in shaping our actions. I think they are especially on the right track when they say (...) that the improvement of Background skills may actually narrow the range of real options for action, (p. 21) nonetheless, they do not decrease freedom. As they say, “It is a process of strengthening the self, and the agent is likely to experience the concomitant restriction of ‘live’ options not as a limitation but as strength of character.” (p. 21). That seems to me very much on the right track. What they are suggesting, and it is a powerful addition to my own writings, is that we should not just think of the Background as facilitating languages, games and social practices generally, but for morality as well (p. 23). (shrink)

There are two central themes that occupy the commentaries, and hence this response. The first is the character and role of what is said, both in my account, and in pragmatic theory in general. In response, I lay out in more detail the proposal from my original paper that the starting point for Gricean reasoning should be not what is said, but the pragmatically uncommitted what is expressed. As part of this argument, I restate and provide further arguments for my (...) claim that global and local pragmatic effects are continuous. The second central theme of the commentaries concerns the value of a Gricean account, which is not intended to model the psychological processes of interpretation. I respond to this concern in Section 5, ‘Pragmatics, psychology and processing’. (shrink)

Racism is a key driver of the social, political, and economic injustices that cause and maintain health inequities. Over centuries and across continents, racism has become deeply ingrained within societies. Therefore, we believe that it is our professional and ethical obligation as scientists, and public health scholars specifically, to address racism head on in order to ameliorate racialized health disparities. We argue that greater focus is needed on addressing racism rather than race and how race is described or defined. We (...) offer input from public health scholarship to help bioethicists and other scientists contribute to addressing racism. To do so effectively and comprehensively, public health scholars, bioethicists, and other scientists should work together to identify and implement equity-driven collaborations to eliminate the deleterious effects of racism on individuals, families, and communities. (shrink)

This paper examines a particular case of embedded pragmatic effect, here dubbed "local pragmatic enrichment". I argue that local enrichment is fairly easily accommodated within semantic theories which take content to be structured. Two standard approaches to dynamic semantics, DRT and Heimian CCS, are discussed as candidates. Focusing on cases of local enrichment of disjuncts in clausal disjunctions, I point out that in these cases, local enrichment is driven by global felicity requirements, demonstrating that the local/global distinction is not a (...) simple dichotomy. (shrink)

Over the past four decades, software engineering has emerged as a discipline in its own right, though it has roots both in computer science and in classical engineering. Its philosophical foundations and premises are not yet well understood. In recent times, members of the software engineering community have started to search for such foundations. In particular, the philosophies of Kuhn and Popper have been used by philosophically-minded software engineers in search of a deeper understanding of their discipline. It seems, however, (...) that professional philosophers of science are not yet aware of this new discourse within the field of software engineering. Therefore, this article aims to reflect critically upon recent software engineers’ attempts towards a philosophy of software engineering and to introduce our own philosophical thoughts in this context. Finally, we invite the professional philosophers of science to participate in this interesting new discourse. (shrink)

This chapter offers a novel pragmatic account of presupposition, according to which presuppositions are neither properties of sentences (as in the traditional semantic account) nor of speakers (as in the widely held Stalnakerian account), but rather of utterances. Specifically, the presuppositions of an utterance are those propositions which guarantee its relevance, where relevance is understood in the Relevance Theoretic sense. The presuppositions of a given utterance may arise from purely pragmatic inference, driven by the assumption that the utterance is intended (...) to be maximally relevant to the addressee. But presuppositions may also be lexically encoded. On the proposed account, the role of lexical presupposition triggers is to mark certain elements of content as relevance-establishers. The chapter demonstrates that this approach to presupposition straightforwardly accounts for some of the standard properties of presupposition. (shrink)

Voice assistants are increasingly pervasive and popular. Yet, little attention has been paid to how language is conceptualized in voice assistants. My study addresses this gap by demonstrating how the language framings of Alexa, Google Assistant, and Siri reinforce monoglossic language ideologies from the disciplinary lens of language policy. Through a qualitative content analysis of the voice assistants' language options and related corporate and texts, this study shows the endurance of standard language ideologies, official and de facto national language policies, (...) English linguistic imperialism, native speakerism, monolingual norms, and language as commodity. This paper aligns with the special issue by understanding voice assistants as shaped by human language traditions, cultural values, and power asymmetries. Voice assistants’ language options are a powerful mechanism for reproducing hegemonic language beliefs, expressing the capitalist desires of technology companies. The recirculation of dominant language ideologies will continue to impact language practices, reproduce social inequities, and generate new material conditions, forms of language labor, and configurations of governmentality. (shrink)

Dass sich Selbstbewusstsein entwickelt, und nicht vielmehr bereits vorliegt, ist soweit unstrittig. Strittig ist, welche Bedingungen gegeben sein müssen, um selbstbewusst zu sein. Die hier vertretene These, dass Selbstbewusstsein in mindestens zwei Formen, einer rudimentären und einer robusten Form, vorliegt, wobei letztere nur durch die Zweite-Person-Perspektive entstehen kann, ist Grundstein für ein verfeinertes Verständnis, welches in vielen Theorien grundsätzlich bereits vorhanden ist. Nichtsdestoweniger ist gerade die Zweite-Person-Perspektive wegen ihrer zu stark betonten Rolle der Intersubjektivität kritisiert worden. Dieses Kapitel stellt die (...) aktuellsten Kritiken vor, um zu verdeutlichen, warum Selbstbewusstsein letztlich ein erworbener Selbstbezug ist. Der erste Unterabschnitt bespricht alternative Ansätze der Wir-Intentionen oder Wir-Erlebnissen, die als Voraussetzung sozialer Interaktion angesehen werden, und reißt die Kritik an den Untersuchungsmethoden der Naturwissenschaften kurz an, die in Abschnitt 9.1 gezielter thematisiert werden. Der zweite Unterabschnitt 7.2 dieses Kapitels führt schließlich einige Punkte zusammen, die verdeutlichen, warum Selbstbezüge erlernt sind. (shrink)

David B. Wong proposes that there can be a plurality of true moralities, moralities that exist across different traditions and cultures, all of which address facets of the same problem: how we are to live well together. Wong examines a wide array of positions and texts within the Western canon as well as in Chinese philosophy, and draws on philosophy, psychology, evolutionary theory, history, and literature, to make a case for the importance of pluralism in moral life, and (...) to establish the virtues of acceptance and accommodation. Wong's point is that there is no single value or principle or ordering of values and principles that offers a uniquely true path for human living, but variations according to different contexts that carry within them a common core of human values. We should thus be modest about our own morality, learn from other approaches, and accommodate different practices in our pluralistic society. (shrink)

Lepore and Stone 2015 advocate a view which turns the Gricean picture of meaning on its head: they argue that the most basic type of meaning intention is one which presupposes the notion of conventional meaning. In this essay, I argue that evidence from language acquisition supports the Gricean view, according to which communicative intentions are analytically more basic than linguistic convention. I point out further, though, that Grice’s view recognizes the role of conventionality in meaning, a point neglected in (...) Lepore and Stone’s critique. Lepore and Stone extend their convention-driven view by advocating a model on which the Conversational Record reflects only conventionally licensed conversational updates. I present evidence from conversation that shows that such a view of the record cannot account for certain types of standard conversational events. (shrink)

A diagnosis of dementia often comes with difficulties in understanding a conversational context and expressing how one feels. So far, research on how to facilitate advance care planning for people with dementia focused on defining relevant themes and topics for conversations, or on how to formalize decisions made by surrogate decision makers, e.g., family members. The aim of this review is to provide a better scope of the existing research on practical communication aspects related to dementia in ACP conversations. In (...) November 2020, seven databases were searched to select papers for inclusion. This search was updated in December 2021. The search strategy consisted of three tiers, intersected by using the Boolean term “AND,” and resulted in 787 studies. Two researchers followed explicit criteria for two sequential levels of screening, based on titles and abstracts and full papers. A total of 22 studies were included for data analysis. Seven topics emerged clustered around two themes. This scoping review provides practical suggestions for healthcare professionals to improve ACP communication and uncovered gaps in research on communication aspects related to dementia in ACP conversations, such as non-verbal behavior, timing and implementation, and personal preferences. (shrink)

The arts and nursing are profoundly connected. While the relationship between nursing and art has persisted over time, the majority of nursing scholarship on the arts has historically centered upon the art of nursing practice and the cultivation and application of aesthetic knowing. However, there is a burgeoning use of arts‐based strategies is nursing education, research, and practice. Correspondingly, there is a need to understand how such approaches can uniquely contribute knowledge to the nursing discipline in order to support arts‐integration (...) for nursing scholars. We structure our inquiry into arts’ contributions according to two dominant methods of engaging with arts‐based strategies: knowingabout(e.g., phenomena) vis‐à‐vis art‐viewing, and knowingthrough(e.g., embodied knowing) vis‐à‐vis art‐making. In doing so, we explore critical contributions of art to nursing research and educational practices, including arts’ capacity to augment traditional research and communication approaches, democratize the research space, challenge issues of representation, and facilitate education, dissemination, and reflexivity. (shrink)

Although we make decisions all the time in our own personal lives and as scientists, there is still a surprising amount of ambiguity about what constitutes an optimal decision. We recently started to improve or fully outsource some of our decision-making to AI technologies that are built to provide recommendations or decision-making support. In a society that relies more and more on such support systems, it is also remarkably unclear how optimal decision-making could be further boosted. Although AI outputs often (...) successfully assist human decision-making processes, what has yet to find sufficient attention in the debate is an encompassing understanding of the conditions for optimal decision-making with and without AI. This chapter (i) critically investigates the understanding of and overall pursuit to make optimal decisions, and (ii) describes the discrepancy between human practice of decision-making and the so-called AI decision-making processes. The concept of decision-making is connected to concepts of agency and thus part of a normative framework. One result of this investigation is that while AI can provide some calculative assistance to find a defined optimum, it cannot make optimal decisions. (shrink)

Like the majority of established publishers, Cambridge University Press is in the middle of a major transformation, shifting from pay-to-read to pay-to-publish models; and it has embraced transformative agreements as a key lever to support this journey. Importantly, they are seen as a key stepping stone, not a destination or the only route, to full open access. Implementing TA s has required huge change internally and necessitated a new kind of collaboration with librarians. As a publisher with a strong emphasis (...) on humanities and social sciences publishing, CUP sees TA s as providing a route to OA for all of its journals and as ensuring no subject area is disadvantaged by the transformation. The shift to OA does come with challenges; a key one is author equity and how to ensure that in eliminating the financial barriers to read content, no new barriers to publication are created. (shrink)

Background: Cognitive Training may contribute to the maintenance and even enhancement of cognitive functions in healthy older adults. However, the question who benefits most from multi-domain CTs is still highly under-investigated.Objective: The goal is to investigate prognostic factors and models for changes in cognitive test performance in healthy older adults after a multi-domain CT.Methods: The data bases MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, CENTRAL, and PsycInfo were searched up to July 2019. Studies investigating prognostic factors and/or models on cognitive outcomes (...) after conducting a multi-domain CT in healthy older adults were included. Risk of Bias was assessed using the QUIPS and the PROBAST tool.Results: 23 prognostic factor and model studies were included. Results indicate a high heterogeneity regarding the conducted multi-domain CTs, the investigated prognostic factors, the investigated outcomes, and the used statistical approaches. Age and neuropsychological performance at study entry were the most investigated predictors, yet they show inconsistent results.Conclusion: Data on prognostic factors and models of changes after multi-domain CT are still too rare and inconsistent to draw clear conclusions due to statistical shortcomings and low reporting quality. Approaches for future research are outlined.Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, ID: CRD42020147531. (shrink)

Anknüpfend an begriffliche Eingrenzungen von Selbstbewusstsein und personaler Identität eruiert dieses Kapitel erste weitere Implikationen für die Bedeutung von ‚Person‘. Auf das in dieser Arbeit erarbeitete Vorverständnis aufbauend, kann nun auch das Versprechen eingelöst werden, das Konzept eines integrativen Naturalismus zu erweitern. Aktuelle Ansätze der Zweite-Person-Perspektive werfen einen kritischen Blick auf gängige Methoden im ersten Abschnitt des Kapitels (9.1). Der zweite Abschnitt dieses Kapitels (9.2) stellt Konsequenzen für das Konzept der Person innerhalb eines integrativen Naturalismus vor. Darin sehen wir, wie (...) theoretische Neufassungen der Begriffe klassische Fallstricke vermeiden können. Der dritte Abschnitt (9.3) zeigt einerseits Implikationen einer Aufnahme der Zweite-Person-Perspektive für Anwendungsfragen in Bezug auf neurodegenerative und psychische Erkrankungen bzw. Entwicklungsstörungen und andererseits Implikationen für Abgrenzungsfragen und das Verhältnis zwischen humanen und anderen nicht-menschlichen Lebensformen aber auch zur künstlichen Intelligenz auf. (shrink)

In diesem Kapitel werden grundsätzliche Bedeutungen von ‚Bewusstsein‘ und ‚Selbstbewusstsein‘ im philosophiegeschichtlichen Kontext eigeführt, die solange als Ausgangspunkt dieser Untersuchung dienlich sind, bis ein daran angelehntes, aber modifiziertes Verständnis erarbeitet wurde. Dies bietet die Grundlage für das nachfolgende, zweite Kapitel, das die Quellen der Konfusion in Bezug auf die Konzepte des Bewusstseins und Selbstbewusstseins bespricht.

Das Phänomen der joint attention fand vor allem in den letzten zehn bis fünfzehn Jahren wieder verstärkt Eingang in die Diskussionen der Kognitionswissenschaften, Entwicklungspsychologie und Philosophie des Geistes. Grund dafür ist u. a. ein erhöhtes Interesse an den damit in Verbindung stehenden Themenfeldern der Perspektivität, sozialen Interaktion sowie der Theory of Mind. Die entsprechenden Diskussionen um die joint attention, auch „shared attention“ genannt, finden nach wie vor insbesondere in englischsprachigen Artikeln, Aufsätzen und Büchern statt. In der deutschen fachwissenschaftlichen Literatur gibt (...) es kein eindeutiges und etabliertes Pendant für den englischen Begriff. Eine Besonderheit ist, dass es auch keine einheitlich anerkannte, eindeutige Definition einer Situation der joint attention gibt, allerdings viele Kurzdefinitionen oder Zusammenfassungen von den bei einer joint attention beteiligten Merkmale und Fähigkeiten. Eine uneinheitliche Verwendung kann zu Irrungen und Missverständnissen führen. Es ist deshalb nötig, eine begrifflich eindeutige Bestimmung zu finden, die grundlegend für all diese Varianten sein kann, aber mögliche Erweiterungen nicht ausschließt. In diesem Kapitel wird joint attention versuchsweise näher bestimmt. Dabei wird auch untersucht, ob joint attention ein menschliches Spezifikum und notwendigerweise an Sprachfähigkeit gebunden ist. (shrink)

Dieses Kapitel ist eine kurze Zusammenfassung der vorliegenden Arbeit, in der die Bedingungen des Selbstbewusstseins ergründet und insbesondere in Hinblick auf die Rollen der Intentionalität, Perspektivität und Repräsentation erschlossen werden. Selbstbewusstsein ist hiernach eine verbindende Aktivität der Wirklichkeitserfahrung, die das eigene Verständnis der Welt mit den vorliegenden Gegebenheiten zusammenbringt, von denen es selbst eine ist. Selbstbewusstsein umfasst die Fähigkeit, mit Hilfe derer Personen Erlebnisse der einzelnen Perspektiven kontextspezifisch organisieren, miteinander in Beziehung setzen, verallgemeinern und auf sich beziehen können. Der Fokus (...) auf die Bedingungen von Selbstbewusstsein führt nicht nur zu einer Theorie der umfassenden Perspektivität, die der Zweite-Person-Perspektive einen definierten und begründeten Platz in unseren philosophischen Theorien gibt, sondern gibt auch Anlass eine Theorie des erweiterten integrativen Naturalismus sowie eine erweiterte Theorie des Selbstbewusstseins zu formulieren. (shrink)

This paper explores the question of how non-human actors contribute to the acceptability of technologies. Acceptance and acceptability of technologies were examined as network formation and not, as in conventional technology acceptance models, as adoption by individual human actors. Using the approach of translation sociology, the acceptance work necessary for network formation was examined. As a result, the actibelt®-Actor-Network and five modes of acceptance work by non-human actors and their effects on patients were identified. The different modes of acceptance work (...) show that non-human actors, such as events, meetings, graphs, and socio-technical discourses, are not passive actors in the development of technology, but can enable, hinder, or condition acceptability. Therefore, non-human actors play a central and constitutive role in the translation process by performing acceptance work and contributing to the stabilisation and acceptability of the actibelt®-Actor-Network. (shrink)

Die Begriffe der Perspektive, Perspektivität oder des Standpunktes begegnen uns alltäglich, in der Kunst, der Philosophie und in vielen anderen Wissenschaftsbereichen. Speziell in der Erkenntnistheorie und der Philosophie des Geistes kommen wir nicht um perspektivische Bezugnahmen herum, beispielsweise wenn wir über Theorien des Verstehens anderer oder die Unterscheidung zwischen der sogenannten Erste-Person-Perspektive und Dritte-Person-Perspektive diskutieren. Trotz seiner häufigen und interdisziplinären Verwendung wurde der Begriff der Perspektive selbst aber bisher nur erstaunlich wenig wissenschaftlich und explizit philosophisch untersucht. Eine begriffliche Ausarbeitung und (...) Thematisierung der Perspektive oder Perspektivität ist also überraschend unterrepräsentiert. Diesen Mangel nehme ich zum Anlass, um die Bedeutung des Begriffs der Perspektive besser zu begreifen und zu explizieren. Dieses Kapitel skizziert im ersten Abschnitt die geschichtlichen Hintergründe und Bedeutungskonnotationen. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die grundlegenden Fragen, was unter einer Perspektive gemeinhin verstanden wird und ob dieses Verständnis vollständig und adäquat für die in dieser Untersuchung zentralen Frage nach dem Selbstbewusstsein ist. Das gängige Verständnis der in der Philosophie des Geistes etablierten Begriffe der Erste-Person-Perspektive und der Dritte-Person-Perspektive wird dabei beachtet. Aus den darin entstandenen Einsichten ergibt sich zunächst eine scheinbare begriffliche Eingrenzung der Perspektive auf die erste Person, die im zweiten Abschnitt weiter ausgeführt, jedoch in dem darauffolgenden dritten Abschnitt begründet erweitert wird, ohne das zuvor herausgearbeitete Verständnis ad absurdum zu führen. Der vierte Abschnitt schließt mit einer Untersuchung des Begriffs der Zweite-Person-Perspektive an, der eine genauere Ausarbeitung im Zusammenhang mit den anderen zentralen Begriffen der joint attention (gemeinsame Aufmerksamkeit und gemeinsamen Teilhabe), reziproken Interaktion (reciprocal interaction) und Intersubjektivität erfährt. Daraus erschließt sich eine notwendige Interdependenz der Erste-, Zweite- und Dritte-Person-Perspektive, die im fünften Abschnitt dieses Kapitels erläutert wird. (shrink)

Was folgt aus der hier dargelegten Theorie für Konzepte der Identität des Selbstbewusstseins über die Zeit hinweg? Ohne alle gängigen Theorien anführen zu wollen, werden in diesem Kapitel nur einige Implikationen aufgezeigt. Das rudimentäre Selbstbewusstsein ist die Erlebnisperspektive, die bereits vorhanden ist und durchwegs bestehen bleibt. Es ist nicht so, dass dieses durch die Entwicklung der robusten Erste-Person-Perspektive bzw. des robusten Selbstbewusstseins abgelöst wird. Die Fähigkeit des robusten Selbstbewusstseins ist es, Erfahrungen zusammenzufassen, zu reflektieren und miteinander in Beziehungen zu setzen. (...) Es bildet die Narrative unseres Lebens, die sich stets erweitert und verändert, im immerwährenden Prozess. Dieses Kapitel eruiert diese doppelt grundlegende Struktur des Selbstbewusstseins als Ausdruck der menschlichen Lebensform sowie die Auswirkungen dieses Konzepts in Bezug auf den Begriff der Person. (shrink)